Dr Martin Luther King Jr

Martin Luther King's History
Read his 'I have a Dream' Speach

A Tribute to
Dr. Martin Luther King

About the man of Peace

The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929
in Atlanta Georgia. His father was the minister of the
Ebenezer Baptist Church, as was his father before him.

"M.L.," as he was called, lived with his parents, his
sister and brother in Atlanta Ga. Their home was not far
from the church his father preached.

M.L.'s mother and father taught their children what
would become an important part of M.L.'s life - to treat
all people with respect. Martin's father worked hard to
break down the barriers between the races. His father
believed African-Americans should register their
complaints by voting

As M.L. grew up he found that not everyone followed
his parents principles. He noticed that "black" people
and white people where treated differently. He saw that
he and his white friends could not drink from the same
water fountains and could not use the same restrooms

M.L.'s best friend as a child was a white boy and as
children they played happily together. But when they
reached school age the friends found that even though
they lived in the same neighborhood, they could not go
to the same school. M.L.'s friend would go to a school for white children only and M.L. was sent to a school for "black"
children. After the first day of school M.L. and his friend
were never allowed to play together again

When M.L. was ready for college he decided to follow
his father and become a minister. While attending the
Crozer Theological seminary in Pennsylvania he became
familiar with Mahatma Gandhi, who had struggled to free
the people of India from British rule by "peaceful
revolution"

M.L. was also inspired by the work of Henry David
Thoreau, particularly his essay called "Civil
Disobedience." It stated that if enough people would follow
their conscience and disobey unjust laws, they could bring
about a peaceful revolution

It was also at college that M.L. met a young woman
named Coretta Scott and they would eventually marry. In
1954 M.L. received his PhD. and accepted the job of pastor
of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery,
Alabama

Martin Luther King, Jr. would now be addressed as
"Dr. King"

Dr. King's involvement with the civil rights movement
began with the arrest of Mrs. Rosa Parks on December 1st
, 1955. Mrs. Parks, a African-American seamstress on her
way home from work, was arrested for not giving a white
bus rider her seat. Mrs. Parks was not the first
African-American to be arrested for this "crime", but she
was well know in the Montgomery African-American
community

Dr. King and the other African-American community
leaders felt a protest was needed. The African-American
residents of the city were asked to boycott the bus
company by walking and driving instead. The United States
Supreme Court would end the boycott, which lasted 381
days, by declaring that Alabama's state and local laws
requiring segregation on buses were illegal. The boycott
was a success and Dr. King had showed that peaceful mass
action could bring about change

In January 1957 the Souther Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLSC) was formed with Dr. King as their
president. The following May 17, Dr. King would lead a
mass march of 37,000 people to the front of the Lincoln
Memorial in Washington, DC

Dr. King had become the undisputed leader of the civil
rights movement

Partly in response to the march, on September 9, 1957,
the US Congress created the Civil Rights Commission and
the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, an
official body with the authority to investigate voting
irregularities

Dr. King and the SCLC organized drives for
African-American voter registration, desegregation, and
better education and housing throughout the South. Dr.
King continued to speak. He went to many cities and
towns. He was greeted by crowds of people who wanted to
hear him speak. He said all people have the right to equal
treatment under the law. Many people believed in these
civil rights and worked hard for them

Dr. King was asked constantly to speak. So in order to
spend more time with his family he wrote his first book,
Stride Toward Freedom which was a success. While signing
copies of his book in Harlem, NY an African-American
woman stepped forward and plunged a letter opener into
Dr. King's chest. Dr. King recovered from his wound and
the woman was eventually declared insane

In February 1959 Dr. and Mrs. King went to India, the
homeland of Mahatma Ghandi. In India Dr. King studied
Satyagraha, Gandhi's principle of nonviolent persuasion.
Dr. King was determined to use Satyagraha as his main
instrument of social protest

After his return to America, Dr. King returned home to
Atlanta, Ga. where he shared the ministerial duties of the
Ebenezer Baptist Church with his father. The move also
brought Dr. King closer to the center of the growing civil
rights movement

In January 1963 Dr. King announced he and the
Freedom Fighters would go to Birmingham to fight the
segregation laws. An injunction was issued forbidding any
demonstrations and Dr. King and the others were arrested

Upon his release there were more peaceful
demonstrations. The police retaliated with water hoses,
tear gas and dogs. All this happened in the presence of
television news cameras. It would be the first time the
world would see the brutality that the southern
African-Americans endured. The news coverage would
help bring about changes as many Americans were
disgusted and ashamed by the cruelty and hatred

Continuing the fight for civil rights and to celebrate the
100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, on
August 28, 1963 200,000 people gathered in the front to
the Lincoln Memorial. It was a peaceful protest, made up of
African-Americans and whites, young and old. Most had
come to hear Dr. King deliver his famous "I have a dream"
speech

1964 would be a good year for Dr. King and the civil
rights movement. Dr. King was nominated for the Nobel
Peace Prize as someone who "had contributed the most to
the furtherance of peace among men." Dr. King would
divide the prize money, $54,000, among various civil rights
organizations

President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act
into law. It guaranteed that "No person in the United States
shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be
excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or
be subjected to discrimination"

In the winter of 1965 Dr. King lead a march from
Selma, Alabama to the state capital in Montgomery to
demand voting reforms. 600 marchers would begin the
march but after 6 blocks the marchers were met by a wall of
state troupers. When the troopers with clubs, whips and
tear gas advanced on the marchers it was described "as a
battle zone." The marchers were driven back while on the
sidewalks whites cheered. 2 ministers, 1 white and 1
African-American, were killed and over 70 were injured
with 17 hospitalized. It was the most violent confrontation
Dr. King had experienced

A court order overturning the injunction against the
march was issued and the marchers were allowed to
proceed. When they arrived in Montgomery the marchers
were greeted by 25,00 supporters singing 'We Shall
Overcome." On August 6, 1965 a voting rights bill was
passed allowing African-Americans to vote

Dr. King believed that poverty caused much of the
unrest in America. Not only poverty for African-Americans,
but poor whites, Hispanics and Asians. Dr. King believed
that the United States involvement in Vietnam was also a
factor and that the war poisoned the atmosphere of the
whole country and made the solution of local problems of
human relations unrealistic

This caused friction between King and the
African-American leaders who felt that their problems
deserved priority and that the African-American leadership
should concentrate on fighting racial injustice at home. But
by early 1967 Dr. King had become associated with the
antiwar movement

Dr. King continued his campaign for world peace. He
traveled across America to support and speak out about
civil rights and the rights of the underprivileged

In April 1968 Dr. King went to Memphis, Tennessee
to help the sanitation workers who were on strike. On
April 3rd Dr. King would give what would be his last
speech:

"We've got some difficult days ahead. But it
doesn't matter with me now. Because I have
been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind.

Like anybody, I would like to live a long life.
Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned
about that now.

I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me
to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over.
And I've seen the promised land.

I may not get there with you. But I want you to
know tonight, that we, as a people will get to the
promised land. And I'm not fearing any man.

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of
the Lord"

The following day, April 4 1968, as he was leaving his
motel room Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot and
killed.

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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s

"I Have a Dream" Speech

Aug. 28, 1963

I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacle of segregation and the chains of discrimination.

One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

In a sense we have come to our Nation's Capital to cash a check. When the architects of our great republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.

This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed to the inalienable rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check that has come back marked "insufficient funds."

But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and security of justice.

We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is not time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism.

Now is the time to make real the promise of democracy.

Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.

Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.

Now is the time to make justice a reality to all of God's children.

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of it's colored citizens. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual.

There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds.

Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must ever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.

The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.

And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality.

We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.

We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one.

We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating "for white only."

We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote.

No, no we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of your trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by storms of persecutions and staggered by the winds of police brutality.

You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our modern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.

Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to you today, my friends, that even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow. I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; that one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one-day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and every mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plains and the crooked places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.

This is our hope. This is the faith that I will go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.

With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.

With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to climb up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning "My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my father's died, land of the Pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring!"

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.

Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.

Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.

But not only that, let freedom, ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi and every mountainside.

And when this happens, when we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every tenement and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old spiritual,

"Free at last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last."

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